v0.4.3-alpha

[Fix] 修复builtin type的方法可能会导致 bad_variant_access的问题。现在Function严格区分3中函数：
    Normal, Builtin, MemberType
[Feat] 增加了 Repl! 通过 Fig -r/--repl进入。目前必须写分号，且异常产生时因为获取不到源文件会有意想不到的问题 :(
[Impl] 精简了Context类，减少内存占用。当然，一些内置函数名获取不了了
        后续的 Fig lang standard (目前还没有)中内置函数(MemberType/Builtin)严格无异常抛出
[Feat] 写了个Simple Compiler 和 Bytecode VM作为测试。性能拉跨。优化目前停止
[...] 剩下的忘了~

src/Ast/astBase.hpp

@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ namespace Fig::Ast
             return FString(std::format("<Base Ast '{}' at {}:{}>", typeName().toBasicString(), aai.line, aai.column));
         }
 
-        AstAddressInfo getAAI() { return aai; }
+        AstAddressInfo getAAI() const { return aai; }
 
-        AstType getType() { return type; }
+        AstType getType() const { return type; }
     };
 
     class StatementAst : public _AstBase

src/Bytecode/Bytecode.hpp

@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-/*
-
-从树遍历到虚拟机!
-
-*/
-
-#include "Core/fig_string.hpp"
-#include "Utils/magic_enum/magic_enum.hpp"
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <format>
-#include <string_view>
-
-namespace Fig
-{
-    using OpCodeType = uint8_t;
-    enum class Bytecode : OpCodeType
-    {
-        HALT = 0x01, // 程序终止，后跟 8 位退出码
-
-        POP = 0x10,
-
-        LOAD_NULL = 0x20,
-        LOAD_TRUE = 0x21,
-        LOAD_FALSE = 0x22,
-        LOAD_CON8 = 0x23,  // 跟 8  位索引 (0     - 255)
-        LOAD_CON16 = 0x24, // 跟 16 位索引 (255   - 65535)
-        LOAD_CON32 = 0x25, // 跟 32 位索引 (65536 - 2^32-1)
-
-        ADD = 0x30, // +
-        SUB = 0x31, // -
-        MUL = 0x32, // *
-        DIV = 0x33, // /
-        MOD = 0x34, // %
-
-        AND = 0x40, // &
-        OR = 0x41,  // |
-        XOR = 0x42, // ~
-        NOT = 0x43, // ! (not)
-
-        EQ = 0x50,   // ==
-        GT = 0x51,   // >
-        GTEQ = 0x52, // >=
-        LT = 0x53,   // <
-        LTEQ = 0x54, // <=
-
-        JUMP16 = 0x60, // 跟 16 位索引 无条件
-        JUMP32 = 0x61, // 跟 32 位索引 无条件
-
-        JUMP16_IF_TRUE = 0x62, // 跟 16 位索引 栈顶为真跳转
-        JUMP32_IF_TRUE = 0x63, // 跟 32 位索引 栈顶为真跳转
-
-        JUMP16_IF_FALSE = 0x64, // 跟 16 位索引 栈顶为假跳转
-        JUMP32_IF_FALSE = 0x65, // 跟 32 位索引 栈顶为假跳转
-
-        LOAD_LOCAL16 = 0x70, // 后跟 16 位索引
-        LOAD_LOCAL32 = 0x71, // 后跟 32 位索引
-    };
-
-    inline FString bytecode2string(Bytecode code)
-    {
-        const std::string_view &name = magic_enum::enum_name(code);
-        return FString(FStringView(name));
-    }
-
-    inline FString reverseCompile(const std::vector<uint8_t> &src)
-    {
-        assert(src.size() >= 1);
-
-        FString result;
-
-        using enum Bytecode;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < src.size();)
-        {
-            Bytecode code = Bytecode(src[i]);
-            switch (code)
-            {
-                case HALT: {
-                    uint8_t quitCode = src[++i];
-                    result += FString(std::format("HALT {}", static_cast<uint8_t>(quitCode))) + u8"\n";
-                    break;
-                }
-                case LOAD_CON8: {
-                    uint8_t id = src[++i];
-                    result += FString(std::format("LOAD_CON8 {}", static_cast<uint8_t>(id))) + u8"\n";
-                    break;
-                }
-                case LOAD_CON16:
-                case JUMP16:
-                case JUMP16_IF_TRUE:
-                case JUMP16_IF_FALSE:
-                case LOAD_LOCAL16: {
-                    uint8_t high = src[++i];
-                    uint8_t low = src[++i];
-                    int32_t id = (high << 8) | low;
-                    result += FString(std::format("{} {}", bytecode2string(code).toBasicString(), id))
-                              + u8"\n";
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case LOAD_CON32:
-                case JUMP32:
-                case JUMP32_IF_TRUE:
-                case JUMP32_IF_FALSE:
-                case LOAD_LOCAL32: {
-                    uint32_t b0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(src[++i]);
-                    uint32_t b1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(src[++i]);
-                    uint32_t b2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(src[++i]);
-                    uint32_t b3 = static_cast<uint32_t>(src[++i]);
-
-                    uint32_t id = (b0 << 24) | (b1 << 16) | (b2 << 8) | b3;
-                    result += FString(std::format("{} {}", bytecode2string(code).toBasicString(), id))
-                              + u8"\n";
-                    break;
-                }
-                default: {
-                    result += bytecode2string(code) + u8"\n";
-                }
-            }
-            ++i;
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-}; // namespace Fig

src/Bytecode/CallFrame.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Bytecode/CompiledFunction.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/Instruction.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/Chunk.hpp>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    struct CallFrame
+    {
+        uint64_t ip;         // 函数第一个指令 index
+        uint64_t base;       // 第一个参数在栈中位置偏移量
+
+        CompiledFunction fn; // 编译过的函数体
+    };
+
+};

src/Bytecode/Chunk.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Core/fig_string.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/Instruction.hpp>
+#include <Evaluator/Value/value.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    struct ChunkAddressInfo
+    {
+        FString sourcePath;
+        std::vector<FString> sourceLines;
+    };
+
+    struct Chunk
+    {
+        Instructions ins; // vector<Instruction>
+        std::vector<Object> constants; // 常量池
+
+        std::vector<InstructionAddressInfo> instructions_addr; // 下标和ins对齐，表示每个Instruction对应的地址
+        ChunkAddressInfo addr; // 代码块独立Addr
+    };
+};

src/Bytecode/CompileError.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Error/error.hpp>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    class CompileError : public AddressableError
+    {
+        using AddressableError::AddressableError;
+
+        virtual FString toString() const override
+        {
+            std::string msg = std::format("[CompileError] {} in [{}] {}",
+                                          this->message.toBasicString(),
+                                          this->src_loc.file_name(),
+                                          this->src_loc.function_name());
+            return FString(msg);
+        }
+
+        virtual FString getErrorType() const override { return FString(u8"CompileError"); }
+    };
+};

src/Bytecode/CompiledFunction.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Bytecode/Instruction.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/Chunk.hpp>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    struct CompiledFunction
+    {
+
+        Chunk chunk; // 函数代码块
+
+        FString name;  // 函数名
+        uint64_t posArgCount; // 位置参数数量
+        uint64_t defArgCount; // 默认参数数量
+        bool variadicPara;    // 可变参数（是：最后为可变，否：不可变）
+
+        uint64_t localCount;  // 局部变量数量(不包括参数)
+        uint64_t slotCount; // = 总参数数量 + 局部变量数量
+    };
+};

src/Bytecode/Instruction.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    using u8 = uint8_t;
+    enum class OpCode : u8
+    {
+        HALT = 0, // 程序结束
+        RETURN,
+
+        LOAD_LOCAL,
+        LOAD_CONST,
+
+        STORE_LOCAL,
+
+        LT,
+        LTET,
+        GT,
+        GTET,
+        ADD,
+        SUB,
+        MUL,
+        DIV,
+
+        JUMP,          // + 64 offset (int64_t)
+        JUMP_IF_FALSE, // + 64 offset (int64_t)
+
+        CALL,
+    };
+
+    static constexpr int MAX_LOCAL_COUNT = UINT64_MAX;
+    static constexpr int MAX_CONSTANT_COUNT = UINT64_MAX;
+    static constexpr int MAX_FUNCTION_ARG_COUNT = UINT64_MAX;
+
+    inline OpCode getLastOpCode()
+    {
+        return OpCode::RETURN;
+    }
+
+    struct InstructionAddressInfo
+    {
+        size_t line, column;
+    };
+
+    using ProgramCounter = uint64_t;
+    using InstructionPoint = uint64_t;
+
+    class Instruction
+    {
+    public:
+        OpCode code;
+
+        int64_t operand;
+
+        Instruction(OpCode _code) : code(_code) {}
+
+        Instruction(OpCode _code, int64_t _operand)
+        {
+            code = _code;
+            operand = _operand;
+        }
+    };
+
+    using Instructions = std::vector<Instruction>;
+}; // namespace Fig

src/Bytecode/vm_test_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#include <Bytecode/Chunk.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/Instruction.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/CompiledFunction.hpp>
+#include <VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.hpp>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace Fig;
+
+int main()
+{
+    /*
+        func fib(x)
+        {
+            if x <= 1
+            {
+                return x;
+            }
+            return fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2);
+        }
+    */
+
+    // ---------------- fib ----------------
+
+    Instructions fib_ins{
+        /*  0 */ {OpCode::LOAD_LOCAL, 0},   // x
+        /*  1 */ {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 0},   // 1
+        /*  2 */ {OpCode::LTET},               // x <= 1
+        /*  3 */ {OpCode::JUMP_IF_FALSE, 2}, // false -> jump to 6
+
+        /*  4 */ {OpCode::LOAD_LOCAL, 0}, // return x
+        /*  5 */ {OpCode::RETURN},
+
+        /*  6 */ {OpCode::LOAD_LOCAL, 0}, // x
+        /*  7 */ {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 0}, // 1
+        /*  8 */ {OpCode::SUB},              // x - 1
+        /*  9 */ {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 2}, // fib
+        /* 10 */ {OpCode::CALL, 1},       // fib(x-1)
+
+        /* 11 */ {OpCode::LOAD_LOCAL, 0}, // x
+        /* 12 */ {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 1}, // 2
+        /* 13 */ {OpCode::SUB},              // x - 2
+        /* 14 */ {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 2}, // fib
+        /* 15 */ {OpCode::CALL, 1},       // fib(x-2)
+
+        /* 16 */ {OpCode::ADD},
+        /* 17 */ {OpCode::RETURN},
+    };
+
+    std::vector<Object> fib_consts{
+        Object((int64_t) 1), // 0
+        Object((int64_t) 2), // 1
+        Object(),            // 2 fib (回填)
+    };
+
+    CompiledFunction fib_fn{
+        {},
+        u8"fib",
+        1, // posArgCount
+        0,
+        false,
+        0, // localCount
+        1  // slotCount = 参数 x
+    };
+
+    // fib 自引用
+    fib_consts[2] = Object(Function(&fib_fn));
+
+    Chunk fib_chunk{fib_ins, fib_consts, {}, ChunkAddressInfo{}};
+
+    fib_fn.chunk = fib_chunk;
+
+    // ---------------- main ----------------
+
+    Instructions main_ins{
+        {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 0}, // 30
+        {OpCode::LOAD_CONST, 1}, // fib
+        {OpCode::CALL, 1},
+        {OpCode::RETURN},
+    };
+
+    std::vector<Object> main_consts{
+        Object((int64_t)251), // 0
+        Object(Function(&fib_fn)),       // 1
+    };
+
+    Chunk main_chunk{main_ins, main_consts, {}, ChunkAddressInfo{}};
+
+    CompiledFunction main_fn{main_chunk, u8"main", 0, 0, false, 0, 0};
+
+    CallFrame entry{.ip = 0, .base = 0, .fn = main_fn};
+
+    VirtualMachine vm(entry);
+
+    using Clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
+
+    auto start = Clock::now();
+    Object result = vm.Execute();
+    auto end = Clock::now();
+
+    auto duration_secs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(end - start).count();
+    auto duration_ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start).count();
+
+    std::cout << result.toString().toBasicString() << "\n";
+    std::cout << "cost: " << duration_secs << "s. " << duration_ms << "ms" << "\n";
+}

src/Compiler/Compiler.cpp

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#include <Ast/astBase.hpp>
-#include <Compiler/Compiler.hpp>
-#include <memory>
-
-namespace Fig
-{
-    void Compiler::compile(Ast::Statement stmt)
-    {
-        using enum Ast::AstType;
-        using namespace Ast;
-        Ast::AstType type = stmt->getType();
-
-        switch (type)
-        {
-            case VarDefSt: {
-                auto vd = std::static_pointer_cast<VarDefAst>(stmt);
-                const FString name = vd->name;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}; // namespace Fig

src/Compiler/Compiler.hpp

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "Ast/astBase.hpp"
-#include <Ast/ast.hpp>
-#include <Bytecode/Bytecode.hpp>
-#include <VMValue/VMValue.hpp>
-
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace Fig
-{
-    class Compiler
-    {
-    private:
-        std::vector<Ast::Statement> source;
-        std::vector<OpCodeType> output; // std::vector<uint8_t>
-
-        std::vector<Value> constants;   
-    public:
-        std::vector<OpCodeType> getOutput() const { return output; }
-        std::vector<Value> getConstantPool() const { return constants; }
-
-        Compiler() {}
-        Compiler(std::vector<Ast::Statement> _source) : source(std::move(_source)) {}
-
-        void compile_expr(Ast::Expression);
-
-        void compile(Ast::Statement);
-
-        void CompileAll();
-    };
-}; // namespace Fig

src/Core/core.hpp

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string_view>
 
-#define __FCORE_VERSION "0.4.2-alpha"
+#define __FCORE_VERSION "0.4.3-alpha"
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     #define __FCORE_PLATFORM "Windows"

src/Core/fig_string.hpp

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
         FString operator+(const FString &x)
         {
-            return FString(toBasicString() + x.toBasicString());
+            return FString(static_cast<std::u8string>(*this) + static_cast<std::u8string>(x));
         }
         FString operator+(const char8_t *c)
         {

src/Evaluator/Context/context.hpp

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "Evaluator/Value/function.hpp"
 #include <Ast/Statements/InterfaceDefSt.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/interface.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/Type.hpp>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
@@ -30,8 +32,8 @@ namespace Fig
         FString scopeName;
         std::unordered_map<FString, std::shared_ptr<VariableSlot>> variables;
 
-        std::unordered_map<std::size_t, Function> functions;
+        // std::unordered_map<std::size_t, Function> functions;
-        std::unordered_map<std::size_t, FString> functionNames;
+        // std::unordered_map<std::size_t, FString> functionNames;
 
         // implRegistry <Struct, ordered list of ImplRecord>
         std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::vector<ImplRecord>, TypeInfoHash> implRegistry;
@@ -51,14 +53,24 @@ namespace Fig
         void merge(const Context &c)
         {
             variables.insert(c.variables.begin(), c.variables.end());
-            functions.insert(c.functions.begin(), c.functions.end());
-            functionNames.insert(c.functionNames.begin(), c.functionNames.end());
             implRegistry.insert(c.implRegistry.begin(), c.implRegistry.end());
             // structTypeNames.insert(c.structTypeNames.begin(),
             // c.structTypeNames.end());
         }
 
-        std::unordered_map<size_t, Function> getFunctions() const { return functions; }
+        std::unordered_map<size_t, Function> getFunctions() const
+        {
+            std::unordered_map<size_t, Function> result;
+            for (auto &[name, slot] : variables)
+            {
+                if (slot->declaredType == ValueType::Function)
+                {
+                    const Function &fn = slot->value->as<Function>();
+                    result[fn.id] = fn;
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
 
         std::shared_ptr<VariableSlot> get(const FString &name)
         {
@@ -122,12 +134,6 @@ namespace Fig
                     FString(std::format("Variable '{}' already defined in this scope", name.toBasicString())));
             }
             variables[name] = std::make_shared<VariableSlot>(name, value, ti, am);
-            if (ti == ValueType::Function and value->getTypeInfo() == ValueType::Function)
-            {
-                auto &fn = value->as<Function>();
-                functions[fn.id] = fn;
-                functionNames[fn.id] = name;
-            }
             // if (ti == ValueType::StructType)
             // {
             //     auto &st = value->as<StructType>();
@@ -144,26 +150,19 @@ namespace Fig
             }
             variables[name] = std::make_shared<VariableSlot>(name, target->value, ti, am, true, target);
         }
-        std::optional<Function> getFunction(std::size_t id)
+
-        {
-            auto it = functions.find(id);
-            if (it != functions.end()) { return it->second; }
-            else if (parent) { return parent->getFunction(id); }
-            else
-            {
-                return std::nullopt;
-            }
-        }
         std::optional<FString> getFunctionName(std::size_t id)
         {
-            auto it = functionNames.find(id);
+            for (auto &[name, slot] : variables)
-            if (it != functionNames.end()) { return it->second; }
-            else if (parent) { return parent->getFunctionName(id); }
-            else
             {
-                return std::nullopt;
+                if (slot->declaredType == ValueType::Function)
+                {
+                    const Function &fn = slot->value->as<Function>();
+                    if (fn.id == id) { return name; }
                 }
             }
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
         // std::optional<FString> getStructName(std::size_t id)
         // {
         //     auto it = structTypeNames.find(id);

src/Evaluator/Core/Eval.cpp

@@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             case AstType::ValueExpr: {
                 auto val = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ValueExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(val != nullptr);
+               
                 return val->val;
             }
             case AstType::VarExpr: {
                 auto varExpr = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::VarExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(varExpr != nullptr);
+               
                 return evalVarExpr(varExpr, ctx).get(); // LvObject -> RvObject
             }
             case AstType::BinaryExpr: {
                 auto bin = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::BinaryExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(bin != nullptr);
+               
                 return evalBinary(bin, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::UnaryExpr: {
                 auto un = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::UnaryExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(un != nullptr);
+               
                 return evalUnary(un, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::TernaryExpr: {
                 auto te = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::TernaryExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(te != nullptr);
+               
                 return evalTernary(te, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::MemberExpr:
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case AstType::FunctionCall: {
                 auto fnCall = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::FunctionCallExpr>(exp);
-                assert(fnCall != nullptr);
                
                 Ast::Expression callee = fnCall->callee;
                 ObjectPtr fnObj = eval(callee, ctx);
@@ -58,19 +57,19 @@ namespace Fig
                 auto fnNameOpt = ctx->getFunctionName(fnId);
                 if (!fnNameOpt && fn.closureContext) fnNameOpt = fn.closureContext->getFunctionName(fnId);
 
-                const FString &fnName = (fnNameOpt ? *fnNameOpt : u8"<anonymous>");
+                const FString &fnName = (fnNameOpt ? *fnNameOpt : u8"<anonymous> or builtin-type member function");
 
                 return evalFunctionCall(fn, fnCall->arg, fnName, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::FunctionLiteralExpr: {
                 auto fnLiteral = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::FunctionLiteralExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(fnLiteral != nullptr);
+               
 
                 Ast::BlockStatement body = nullptr;
                 if (fnLiteral->isExprMode())
                 {
                     Ast::Expression exprBody = fnLiteral->getExprBody();
-                    assert(exprBody != nullptr);
+                   
 
                     const Ast::AstAddressInfo &aai = exprBody->getAAI();
                     Ast::Return st = std::make_shared<Ast::ReturnSt>(exprBody);
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ namespace Fig
                 else
                 {
                     body = fnLiteral->getBlockBody();
-                    assert(body != nullptr);
+                   
                 }
                 Function fn(fnLiteral->paras, ValueType::Any, body, ctx
                             /*
@@ -94,13 +93,13 @@ namespace Fig
             }
             case AstType::InitExpr: {
                 auto initExpr = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::InitExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(initExpr != nullptr);
+               
                 return evalInitExpr(initExpr, ctx);
             }
 
             case AstType::ListExpr: {
                 auto lstExpr = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ListExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(lstExpr != nullptr);
+               
 
                 List list;
                 for (auto &exp : lstExpr->val) { list.push_back(eval(exp, ctx)); }
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case AstType::MapExpr: {
                 auto mapExpr = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::MapExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(mapExpr != nullptr);
+               
 
                 Map map;
                 for (auto &[key, value] : mapExpr->val) { map[eval(key, ctx)] = eval(value, ctx); }

src/Evaluator/Core/EvalBinary.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "Evaluator/Value/value.hpp"
 #include <Evaluator/Value/LvObject.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/IntPool.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/evaluator.hpp>
@@ -84,11 +85,19 @@ namespace Fig
             }
             case Operator::And: {
                 ObjectPtr lhs = eval(lexp, ctx);
+                if (lhs->is<bool>() && !isBoolObjectTruthy(lhs))
+                {
+                    return Object::getFalseInstance(); // short-circuit
+                }
                 ObjectPtr rhs = eval(rexp, ctx);
                 return std::make_shared<Object>(*lhs && *rhs);
             };
             case Operator::Or: {
                 ObjectPtr lhs = eval(lexp, ctx);
+                if (lhs->is<bool>() && isBoolObjectTruthy(lhs))
+                {
+                    return Object::getTrueInstance();
+                }
                 ObjectPtr rhs = eval(rexp, ctx);
                 return std::make_shared<Object>(*lhs || *rhs);
             };

src/Evaluator/Core/EvalFunctionCall.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <Evaluator/Value/function.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/LvObject.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/evaluator.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/evaluator_error.hpp>
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Fig
     {
         const Function &fnStruct = fn;
         Ast::FunctionCallArgs evaluatedArgs;
-        if (fnStruct.isBuiltin)
+        if (fnStruct.type == Function::Builtin || fnStruct.type == Function::MemberType)
         {
             for (const auto &argExpr : fnArgs.argv) { evaluatedArgs.argv.push_back(eval(argExpr, ctx)); }
             if (fnStruct.builtinParamCount != -1 && fnStruct.builtinParamCount != evaluatedArgs.getLength())
@@ -23,8 +24,15 @@ namespace Fig
                                                  evaluatedArgs.getLength()),
                                      fnArgs.argv.back());
             }
+            if (fnStruct.type == Function::Builtin) 
+            {
                 return fnStruct.builtin(evaluatedArgs.argv);
             }
+            else
+            {
+                return fnStruct.mtFn(nullptr, evaluatedArgs.argv); // wrapped member type function (`this` provided by evalMemberExpr)
+            }
+        }
 
         // check argument, all types of parameters
         Ast::FunctionParameters fnParas = fnStruct.paras;
@@ -126,7 +134,7 @@ namespace Fig
                 paramName = fnParas.defParas[defParamIndex].first;
                 paramType = TypeInfo(fnParas.defParas[defParamIndex].second.first);
             }
-            AccessModifier argAm = AccessModifier::Const;
+            AccessModifier argAm = AccessModifier::Normal;
             newContext->def(paramName, paramType, argAm, evaluatedArgs.argv[j]);
         }
         goto ExecuteBody;
@@ -138,7 +146,7 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             list.push_back(eval(exp, ctx)); // eval arguments in current scope
         }
-        newContext->def(fnParas.variadicPara, ValueType::List, AccessModifier::Const, std::make_shared<Object>(list));
+        newContext->def(fnParas.variadicPara, ValueType::List, AccessModifier::Normal, std::make_shared<Object>(list));
         goto ExecuteBody;
     }
 
@@ -172,4 +180,4 @@ namespace Fig
         return retVal;
     }
     }
-};
+}; // namespace Fig

src/Evaluator/Core/EvalInitExpr.cpp

@@ -288,11 +288,13 @@ namespace Fig
                                                 [&argName](const Field &f) { return f.name == argName; });
                     if (fieldIt == structT.fields.end())
                     {
-                        throw EvaluatorError(u8"StructFieldNotFoundError",
+                        // throw EvaluatorError(u8"StructFieldNotFoundError",
-                                             std::format("Field '{}' not found in structure '{}'",
+                        //                      std::format("Field '{}' not found in structure '{}'",
-                                                         argName.toBasicString(),
+                        //                                  argName.toBasicString(),
-                                                         structName.toBasicString()),
+                        //                                  structName.toBasicString()),
-                                             initExpr);
+                        //                      initExpr);
+                        initExpr->initMode = Positional;
+                        return evalInitExpr(initExpr, ctx);
                     }
                     const Field &field = *fieldIt;
                     if (!isTypeMatch(field.type, argVal, ctx))

src/Evaluator/Core/EvalLvObject.cpp

@@ -35,7 +35,11 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             return LvObject(std::make_shared<VariableSlot>(
                                 member,
-                                std::make_shared<Object>(Function(baseVal->getMemberFunction(member),
+                                std::make_shared<Object>(Function(
+                                    [baseVal, member](ObjectPtr self, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                                        if (self) { return baseVal->getMemberFunction(member)(self, args); }
+                                        return baseVal->getMemberFunction(member)(baseVal, args);
+                                    },
                                     baseVal->getMemberFunctionParaCount(member))),
                                 ValueType::Function,
                                 AccessModifier::PublicConst),
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ namespace Fig
     }
     LvObject Evaluator::evalIndexExpr(Ast::IndexExpr ie, ContextPtr ctx)
     {
-        LvObject base = evalLv(ie->base, ctx);
+        RvObject base = eval(ie->base, ctx);
         RvObject index = eval(ie->index, ctx);
 
         const TypeInfo &type = base.get()->getTypeInfo();
@@ -125,12 +129,12 @@ namespace Fig
             {
                 throw EvaluatorError(
                     u8"IndexOutOfRangeError",
-                    std::format("Index {} out of list `{}` range", indexVal, base.get()->toString().toBasicString()),
+                    std::format("Index {} out of list `{}` range", indexVal, base->toString().toBasicString()),
                     ie->index);
             }
-            return LvObject(base.get(), indexVal, LvObject::Kind::ListElement, ctx);
+            return LvObject(base, indexVal, LvObject::Kind::ListElement, ctx);
         }
-        else if (type == ValueType::Map) { return LvObject(base.get(), index, LvObject::Kind::MapElement, ctx); }
+        else if (type == ValueType::Map) { return LvObject(base, index, LvObject::Kind::MapElement, ctx); }
         else if (type == ValueType::String)
         {
             if (index->getTypeInfo() != ValueType::Int)
@@ -140,22 +144,22 @@ namespace Fig
                     std::format("Type `String` indices must be `Int`, got '{}'", prettyType(index).toBasicString()),
                     ie->index);
             }
-            FString &string = base.get()->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
+            FString &string = base->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
             ValueType::IntClass indexVal = index->as<ValueType::IntClass>();
             if (indexVal >= string.length())
             {
                 throw EvaluatorError(
                     u8"IndexOutOfRangeError",
-                    std::format("Index {} out of string `{}` range", indexVal, base.get()->toString().toBasicString()),
+                    std::format("Index {} out of string `{}` range", indexVal, base->toString().toBasicString()),
                     ie->index);
             }
-            return LvObject(base.get(), indexVal, LvObject::Kind::StringElement, ctx);
+            return LvObject(base, indexVal, LvObject::Kind::StringElement, ctx);
         }
         else
         {
             throw EvaluatorError(
                 u8"NoSubscriptableError",
-                std::format("`{}` object is not subscriptable", base.declaredType().toString().toBasicString()),
+                std::format("`{}` object is not subscriptable", base->getTypeInfo().toString().toBasicString()),
                 ie->base);
         }
     }
@@ -167,17 +171,17 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             case AstType::VarExpr: {
                 Ast::VarExpr var = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::VarExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(var != nullptr);
+
                 return evalVarExpr(var, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::MemberExpr: {
                 Ast::MemberExpr me = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::MemberExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(me != nullptr);
+
                 return evalMemberExpr(me, ctx);
             }
             case AstType::IndexExpr: {
                 Ast::IndexExpr ie = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::IndexExprAst>(exp);
-                assert(ie != nullptr);
+
                 return evalIndexExpr(ie, ctx);
             }
             default: {
@@ -188,4 +192,4 @@ namespace Fig
             }
         }
     }
-};
+}; // namespace Fig

src/Evaluator/Core/EvalStatement.cpp

@@ -13,12 +13,11 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             case ImportSt: {
                 auto i = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ImportSt>(stmt);
-                assert(i != nullptr);
                 return evalImportSt(i, ctx);
             }
             case VarDefSt: {
                 auto varDef = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::VarDefAst>(stmt);
-                assert(varDef != nullptr);
+               
 
                 if (ctx->containsInThisScope(varDef->name))
                 {
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case FunctionDefSt: {
                 auto fnDef = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::FunctionDefSt>(stmt);
-                assert(fnDef != nullptr);
+               
 
                 const FString &fnName = fnDef->name;
                 if (ctx->containsInThisScope(fnName))
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case StructSt: {
                 auto stDef = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::StructDefSt>(stmt);
-                assert(stDef != nullptr);
+               
 
                 if (ctx->containsInThisScope(stDef->name))
                 {
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case InterfaceDefSt: {
                 auto ifd = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::InterfaceDefAst>(stmt);
-                assert(ifd != nullptr);
+               
 
                 const FString &interfaceName = ifd->name;
 
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case ImplementSt: {
                 auto ip = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ImplementAst>(stmt);
-                assert(ip != nullptr);
+               
 
                 TypeInfo structType(ip->structName);
                 TypeInfo interfaceType(ip->interfaceName);
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case TrySt: {
                 auto tryst = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::TrySt>(stmt);
-                assert(tryst != nullptr);
+               
 
                 ContextPtr tryCtx = std::make_shared<Context>(
                     FString(std::format("<Try at {}:{}>", tryst->getAAI().line, tryst->getAAI().column)), ctx);
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case ThrowSt: {
                 auto ts = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ThrowSt>(stmt);
-                assert(ts != nullptr);
+               
 
                 ObjectPtr value = eval(ts->value, ctx);
                 if (value->is<ValueType::NullClass>())
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case ReturnSt: {
                 auto returnSt = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ReturnSt>(stmt);
-                assert(returnSt != nullptr);
+               
 
                 ObjectPtr returnValue = Object::getNullInstance(); // default is null
                 if (returnSt->retValue) returnValue = eval(returnSt->retValue, ctx);
@@ -491,14 +490,12 @@ namespace Fig
 
             case ExpressionStmt: {
                 auto exprStmt = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::ExpressionStmtAst>(stmt);
-                assert(exprStmt != nullptr);
-
                 return StatementResult::normal(eval(exprStmt->exp, ctx));
             }
 
             case BlockStatement: {
                 auto block = std::static_pointer_cast<Ast::BlockStatementAst>(stmt);
-                assert(block != nullptr);
+               
 
                 ContextPtr blockCtx = std::make_shared<Context>(
                     FString(std::format("<Block at {}:{}>", block->getAAI().line, block->getAAI().column)), ctx);

src/Evaluator/Value/IntPool.hpp

@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ namespace Fig
             if (val >= CACHE_MIN && val <= CACHE_MAX) { return cache[val - CACHE_MIN]; }
             return std::make_shared<Object>(val);
         }
+        Object createIntCopy(ValueType::IntClass val) const
+        {
+            if (val >= CACHE_MIN && val <= CACHE_MAX) { return *cache[val - CACHE_MIN]; }
+            return Object(val);
+        }
 
         static const IntPool &getInstance()
         {

src/Evaluator/Value/function.hpp

@@ -11,51 +11,91 @@
 namespace Fig
 {
     class Object;
+
     class Function
     {
     public:
         std::size_t id;
+
+        enum FnType
+        {
+            Normal,
+            Builtin,
+            MemberType
+        } type;
+
+        union
+        {
+            struct
+            {
                 Ast::FunctionParameters paras;
                 TypeInfo retType;
-        Ast::BlockStatement body;
 
-        bool isBuiltin = false;
+                Ast::BlockStatement body;
+            };
             std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)> builtin;
+            std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(std::shared_ptr<Object>,
+                                                  const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)>
+                mtFn;
+        };
+
         int builtinParamCount = -1;
 
         std::shared_ptr<Context> closureContext;
 
         // ===== Constructors =====
-        Function() :
+        Function() : id(nextId()) {}
-            id(nextId()) {}
 
-        Function(Ast::FunctionParameters _paras, TypeInfo _retType, Ast::BlockStatement _body, ContextPtr _closureContext) :
+        Function(Ast::FunctionParameters _paras,
+                 TypeInfo _retType,
+                 Ast::BlockStatement _body,
+                 ContextPtr _closureContext) :
             id(nextId()), // 分配唯一 ID
             paras(std::move(_paras)),
             retType(std::move(_retType)),
             body(std::move(_body)),
             closureContext(std::move(_closureContext))
         {
+            type = Normal;
         }
 
         Function(std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)> fn, int argc) :
-            id(nextId()), isBuiltin(true), builtin(fn), builtinParamCount(argc) {}
+            id(nextId()), type(Builtin), builtin(fn), builtinParamCount(argc)
+        {
+            type = Builtin;
+        }
+
+        Function(std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(std::shared_ptr<Object>,
+                                                       const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)> fn,
+                 int argc) :
+            id(nextId()), type(MemberType), mtFn(fn), builtinParamCount(argc)
+        {
+            type = MemberType;
+        }
 
         // ===== Copy / Move =====
-        Function(const Function &other) = default;
+        Function(const Function &other)
-        Function(Function &&) noexcept = default;
+        {
-        Function &operator=(const Function &) = default;
+            copyFrom(other);
-        Function &operator=(Function &&) noexcept = default;
+        }
+        Function &operator=(const Function &other)
+        {
+            if (this != &other)
+            {
+                destroy();
+                copyFrom(other);
+            }
+            return *this;
+        };
+
+        ~Function()
+        {
+            destroy();
+        }
 
         // ===== Comparison =====
-        bool operator==(const Function &other) const noexcept
+        bool operator==(const Function &other) const noexcept { return id == other.id; }
-        {
+        bool operator!=(const Function &other) const noexcept { return !(*this == other); }
-            return id == other.id;
-        }
-        bool operator!=(const Function &other) const noexcept
-        {
-            return !(*this == other);
-        }
 
     private:
         static std::size_t nextId()
@@ -63,5 +103,43 @@ namespace Fig
             static std::atomic<std::size_t> counter{1};
             return counter++;
         }
+        void destroy()
+        {
+            switch (type)
+            {
+                case Normal:
+                    paras.~FunctionParameters();
+                    retType.~TypeInfo();
+                    body.~shared_ptr();
+                    break;
+                case Builtin: builtin.~function(); break;
+                case MemberType: mtFn.~function(); break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void copyFrom(const Function &other)
+        {
+            type = other.type;
+            id = nextId(); // 每个复制都生成新的ID
+            builtinParamCount = other.builtinParamCount;
+            closureContext = other.closureContext;
+
+            switch (type)
+            {
+                case Normal:
+                    new (&paras) Ast::FunctionParameters(other.paras);
+                    new (&retType) TypeInfo(other.retType);
+                    new (&body) Ast::BlockStatement(other.body);
+                    break;
+                case Builtin:
+                    new (&builtin) std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)>(
+                        other.builtin);
+                    break;
+                case MemberType:
+                    new (&mtFn) std::function<std::shared_ptr<Object>(
+                        std::shared_ptr<Object>, const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Object>> &)>(other.mtFn);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
     };
 } // namespace Fig

src/Evaluator/Value/value.hpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
+#include "Core/fig_string.hpp"
 #include <Evaluator/Value/function.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/interface.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/structType.hpp>
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@
 #include <Evaluator/Value/module.hpp>
 #include <Evaluator/Value/value_forward.hpp>
 
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 #include <variant>
 #include <cmath>
@@ -41,26 +44,18 @@ namespace Fig
     struct Element
     {
         ObjectPtr value;
-        Element(ObjectPtr _value) :
+        Element(ObjectPtr _value) : value(_value) {}
-            value(_value) {}
 
-        bool operator==(const Element &other) const
+        bool operator==(const Element &other) const { return *value == *other.value; }
-        {
-            return *value == *other.value;
-        }
 
-        void deepCopy(const Element &e)
+        void deepCopy(const Element &e) { value = std::make_shared<Object>(*e.value); }
-        {
-            value = std::make_shared<Object>(*e.value);
-        }
     };
     using List = std::vector<Element>;
 
     struct ValueKey
     {
         ObjectPtr value;
-        ValueKey(ObjectPtr _value) :
+        ValueKey(ObjectPtr _value) : value(_value) {}
-            value(_value) {}
 
         void deepCopy(const ValueKey &vk) { value = std::make_shared<Object>(*vk.value); }
     };
@@ -74,11 +69,12 @@ namespace Fig
     bool isTypeMatch(const TypeInfo &, ObjectPtr, ContextPtr);
     bool implements(const TypeInfo &, const TypeInfo &, ContextPtr);
 
+    using BuiltinTypeMemberFn = std::function<ObjectPtr(ObjectPtr, std::vector<ObjectPtr>)>;
+
     class Object : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Object>
     {
     public:
-        using VariantType = std::variant<
+        using VariantType = std::variant<ValueType::NullClass,
-            ValueType::NullClass,
                                          ValueType::IntClass,
                                          ValueType::DoubleClass,
                                          ValueType::StringClass,
@@ -91,58 +87,59 @@ namespace Fig
                                          Module,
                                          InterfaceType>;
 
-        std::unordered_map<TypeInfo,
+
-                           std::unordered_map<FString,
+
-                                              std::function<ObjectPtr(std::vector<ObjectPtr>)>>,
+        static std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::unordered_map<FString, BuiltinTypeMemberFn>, TypeInfoHash> getMemberTypeFunctions()
-                           TypeInfoHash>
+        {
+            static const std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::unordered_map<FString, BuiltinTypeMemberFn>, TypeInfoHash>
                 memberTypeFunctions{
                     {ValueType::Null, {}},
                     {ValueType::Int, {}},
                     {ValueType::Double, {}},
-                {ValueType::String, {
+                    {ValueType::String,
-                                        {u8"length", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                     {
+                         {u8"length",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 0)
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                     std::format("`length` expects 0 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`length` expects 0 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
-                                             const FString &str = as<ValueType::StringClass>();
+                              const FString &str = object->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
                               return std::make_shared<Object>(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(str.length()));
                           }},
-                                        {u8"replace", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"replace",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 2)
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                     std::format("`replace` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`replace` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
-                                             FString &str = as<ValueType::StringClass>();
+                              FString &str = object->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
                               ObjectPtr arg1 = args[0];
                               ObjectPtr arg2 = args[1];
                               if (!arg1->is<ValueType::IntClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`replace` arg 1 expects type Int"));
-                                                     "`replace` arg 1 expects type Int"));
                               }
                               if (!arg2->is<ValueType::StringClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`replace` arg 2 expects type String"));
-                                                     "`replace` arg 2 expects type String"));
                               }
                               str.realReplace(arg1->as<ValueType::IntClass>(), arg2->as<ValueType::StringClass>());
                               return Object::getNullInstance();
                           }},
-                                        {u8"erase", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"erase",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 2)
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                     std::format("`erase` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`erase` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
-                                             FString &str = as<ValueType::StringClass>();
+                              FString &str = object->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
                               ObjectPtr arg1 = args[0];
                               ObjectPtr arg2 = args[1];
                               if (!arg1->is<ValueType::IntClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`erase` arg 1 expects type Int"));
-                                                     "`erase` arg 1 expects type Int"));
                               }
                               if (!arg2->is<ValueType::IntClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`erase` arg 2 expects type Int"));
-                                                     "`erase` arg 2 expects type Int"));
                               }
                               ValueType::IntClass index = arg1->as<ValueType::IntClass>();
                               ValueType::IntClass n = arg2->as<ValueType::IntClass>();
@@ -157,22 +154,21 @@ namespace Fig
                               str.realErase(arg1->as<ValueType::IntClass>(), arg2->as<ValueType::IntClass>());
                               return Object::getNullInstance();
                           }},
-                                        {u8"insert", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"insert",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 2)
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                     std::format("`insert` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`insert` expects 2 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
-                                             FString &str = as<ValueType::StringClass>();
+                              FString &str = object->as<ValueType::StringClass>();
                               ObjectPtr arg1 = args[0];
                               ObjectPtr arg2 = args[1];
                               if (!arg1->is<ValueType::IntClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`insert` arg 1 expects type Int"));
-                                                     "`insert` arg 1 expects type Int"));
                               }
                               if (!arg2->is<ValueType::StringClass>())
                               {
-                                                 throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(FString("`insert` arg 2 expects type String"));
-                                                     "`insert` arg 2 expects type String"));
                               }
                               str.realInsert(arg1->as<ValueType::IntClass>(), arg2->as<ValueType::StringClass>());
                               return Object::getNullInstance();
@@ -181,67 +177,81 @@ namespace Fig
                     {ValueType::Function, {}},
                     {ValueType::StructType, {}},
                     {ValueType::StructInstance, {}},
-                {ValueType::List, {
+                    {ValueType::List,
-                                      {u8"length", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                     {
+                         {u8"length",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 0)
-                                               throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                   std::format("`length` expects 0 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`length` expects 0 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
-                                           const List &list = as<List>();
+                              const List &list = object->as<List>();
                               return std::make_shared<Object>(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(list.size()));
                           }},
-                                      {u8"get", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"get",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 1)
-                                               throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                   std::format("`get` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`get` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
                               ObjectPtr arg = args[0];
                               if (arg->getTypeInfo() != ValueType::Int)
-                                               throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                   std::format("`get` argument 1 expects Int, {} got", arg->getTypeInfo().toString().toBasicString())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`get` argument 1 expects Int, {} got",
+                                                          arg->getTypeInfo().toString().toBasicString())));
                               ValueType::IntClass i = arg->as<ValueType::IntClass>();
-                                           const List &list = as<List>();
+                              const List &list = object->as<List>();
-                                           if (i >= list.size())
+                              if (i >= list.size()) return Object::getNullInstance();
-                                               return Object::getNullInstance();
                               return list[i].value;
                           }},
-                                      {u8"push", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"push",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 1)
-                                               throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                   std::format("`push` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`push` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
                               ObjectPtr arg = args[0];
-                                           List &list = as<List>();
+                              List &list = object->as<List>();
                               list.push_back(arg);
                               return Object::getNullInstance();
                           }},
                      }},
-                {ValueType::Map, {
+                    {ValueType::Map,
-                                     {u8"get", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                     {
+                         {u8"get",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 1)
-                                              throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                  std::format("`get` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`get` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
                               ObjectPtr index = args[0];
-                                          const Map &map = as<Map>();
+                              const Map &map = object->as<Map>();
-                                          if (!map.contains(index))
+                              if (!map.contains(index)) return Object::getNullInstance();
-                                              return Object::getNullInstance();
                               return map.at(index);
                           }},
-                                     {u8"contains", [this](std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
+                         {u8"contains",
+                          [](ObjectPtr object, std::vector<ObjectPtr> args) -> ObjectPtr {
                               if (args.size() != 1)
-                                              throw RuntimeError(FString(
+                                  throw RuntimeError(
-                                                  std::format("`contains` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
+                                      FString(std::format("`contains` expects 1 arguments, {} got", args.size())));
                               ObjectPtr index = args[0];
-                                          const Map &map = as<Map>();
+                              const Map &map = object->as<Map>();
-                                          return std::make_shared<Object>(
+                              return std::make_shared<Object>(map.contains(index));
-                                              map.contains(index));
                           }},
                      }},
                     {ValueType::Module, {}},
                     {ValueType::InterfaceType, {}},
                 };
-        std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::unordered_map<FString, int>, TypeInfoHash> memberTypeFunctionsParas{
+            return memberTypeFunctions;
+        }
+
+
+
+        static std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::unordered_map<FString, int>, TypeInfoHash> getMemberTypeFunctionsParas()
+        {
+            static const std::unordered_map<TypeInfo, std::unordered_map<FString, int>, TypeInfoHash>
+                memberTypeFunctionsParas{
                     {ValueType::Null, {}},
                     {ValueType::Int, {}},
                     {ValueType::Double, {}},
-            {ValueType::String, {
+                    {ValueType::String,
+                     {
                          {u8"length", 0},
                          {u8"replace", 2},
                          {u8"erase", 2},
@@ -251,54 +261,45 @@ namespace Fig
                     {ValueType::StructType, {}},
                     {ValueType::StructInstance, {}},
                     {ValueType::List, {{u8"length", 0}, {u8"get", 1}, {u8"push", 1}}},
-            {ValueType::Map, {
+                    {ValueType::Map,
+                     {
                          {u8"get", 1},
                          {u8"contains", 1},
                      }},
                     {ValueType::Module, {}},
                     {ValueType::InterfaceType, {}},
                 };
+            return memberTypeFunctionsParas;
+        }
+
         bool hasMemberFunction(const FString &name) const
         {
-            return memberTypeFunctions.at(getTypeInfo()).contains(name);
+            return getMemberTypeFunctions().at(getTypeInfo()).contains(name);
         }
-        std::function<ObjectPtr(std::vector<ObjectPtr>)> getMemberFunction(const FString &name) const
+        BuiltinTypeMemberFn getMemberFunction(const FString &name) const
         {
-            return memberTypeFunctions.at(getTypeInfo()).at(name);
+            return getMemberTypeFunctions().at(getTypeInfo()).at(name);
         }
         int getMemberFunctionParaCount(const FString &name) const
         {
-            return memberTypeFunctionsParas.at(getTypeInfo()).at(name);
+            return getMemberTypeFunctionsParas().at(getTypeInfo()).at(name);
         }
 
         VariantType data;
 
-        Object() :
+        Object() : data(ValueType::NullClass{}) {}
-            data(ValueType::NullClass{}) {}
+        Object(const ValueType::NullClass &n) : data(n) {}
-        Object(const ValueType::NullClass &n) :
+        Object(const ValueType::IntClass &i) : data(i) {}
-            data(n) {}
+        explicit Object(const ValueType::DoubleClass &d) : data(d) {}
-        Object(const ValueType::IntClass &i) :
+        Object(const ValueType::StringClass &s) : data(s) {}
-            data(i) {}
+        Object(const ValueType::BoolClass &b) : data(b) {}
-        explicit Object(const ValueType::DoubleClass &d) :
+        Object(const Function &f) : data(f) {}
-            data(d) {}
+        Object(const StructType &s) : data(s) {}
-        Object(const ValueType::StringClass &s) :
+        Object(const StructInstance &s) : data(s) {}
-            data(s) {}
+        Object(const List &l) : data(l) {}
-        Object(const ValueType::BoolClass &b) :
+        Object(const Map &m) : data(m) {}
-            data(b) {}
+        Object(const Module &m) : data(m) {}
-        Object(const Function &f) :
+        Object(const InterfaceType &i) : data(i) {}
-            data(f) {}
-        Object(const StructType &s) :
-            data(s) {}
-        Object(const StructInstance &s) :
-            data(s) {}
-        Object(const List &l) :
-            data(l) {}
-        Object(const Map &m) :
-            data(m) {}
-        Object(const Module &m) :
-            data(m) {}
-        Object(const InterfaceType &i) :
-            data(i) {}
 
         Object(const Object &) = default;
         Object(Object &&) noexcept = default;
@@ -359,7 +360,8 @@ namespace Fig
 
         TypeInfo getTypeInfo() const
         {
-            return std::visit([](auto &&val) -> TypeInfo {
+            return std::visit(
+                [](auto &&val) -> TypeInfo {
                     using T = std::decay_t<decltype(val)>;
 
                     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, ValueType::NullClass>)
@@ -427,13 +429,12 @@ namespace Fig
         {
             if (is<ValueType::NullClass>()) return FString(u8"null");
             if (is<ValueType::IntClass>()) return FString(std::to_string(as<ValueType::IntClass>()));
-            if (is<ValueType::DoubleClass>()) return FString(std::format("{}", as<ValueType::DoubleClass>()));
+            if (is<ValueType::DoubleClass>()) return FString(std::format("{:g}", as<ValueType::DoubleClass>()));
             if (is<ValueType::StringClass>()) return FString(u8"\"" + as<ValueType::StringClass>() + u8"\"");
             if (is<ValueType::BoolClass>()) return as<ValueType::BoolClass>() ? FString(u8"true") : FString(u8"false");
             if (is<Function>())
-                return FString(std::format("<Function '{}' at {:p}>",
+                return FString(std::format(
-                                           as<Function>().id,
+                    "<Function '{}' at {:p}>", as<Function>().id, static_cast<const void *>(&as<Function>())));
-                                           static_cast<const void *>(&as<Function>())));
             if (is<StructType>())
                 return FString(std::format("<StructType '{}' at {:p}>",
                                            as<StructType>().type.toString().toBasicString(),
@@ -449,8 +450,7 @@ namespace Fig
                 bool first_flag = true;
                 for (auto &ele : list)
                 {
-                    if (!first_flag)
+                    if (!first_flag) output += u8", ";
-                        output += u8", ";
                     output += ele.value->toString();
                     first_flag = false;
                 }
@@ -464,8 +464,7 @@ namespace Fig
                 bool first_flag = true;
                 for (auto &[key, value] : map)
                 {
-                    if (!first_flag)
+                    if (!first_flag) output += u8", ";
-                        output += u8", ";
                     output += key.value->toString() + FString(u8" : ") + value->toString();
                     first_flag = false;
                 }
@@ -474,15 +473,13 @@ namespace Fig
             }
             if (is<Module>())
             {
-                return FString(std::format(
+                return FString(std::format("<Module '{}' at {:p}>",
-                    "<Module '{}' at {:p}>",
                                            as<Module>().name.toBasicString(),
                                            static_cast<const void *>(&as<Module>())));
             }
             if (is<InterfaceType>())
             {
-                return FString(std::format(
+                return FString(std::format("<InterfaceType '{}' at {:p}>",
-                    "<InterfaceType '{}' at {:p}>",
                                            as<InterfaceType>().type.toString().toBasicString(),
                                            static_cast<const void *>(&as<InterfaceType>())));
             }
@@ -490,8 +487,8 @@ namespace Fig
         }
 
     private:
-        static std::string makeTypeErrorMessage(const char *prefix, const char *op,
+        static std::string
-                                                const Object &lhs, const Object &rhs)
+        makeTypeErrorMessage(const char *prefix, const char *op, const Object &lhs, const Object &rhs)
         {
             auto lhs_type = lhs.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString();
             auto rhs_type = rhs.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString();
@@ -508,8 +505,7 @@ namespace Fig
             {
                 bool bothInt = lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>();
                 auto result = lhs.getNumericValue() + rhs.getNumericValue();
-                if (bothInt)
+                if (bothInt) return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
-                    return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
                 return Object(result);
             }
             if (lhs.is<ValueType::StringClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::StringClass>())
@@ -525,8 +521,7 @@ namespace Fig
             {
                 bool bothInt = lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>();
                 auto result = lhs.getNumericValue() - rhs.getNumericValue();
-                if (bothInt)
+                if (bothInt) return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
-                    return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
                 return Object(result);
             }
             throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Unsupported operation", "-", lhs, rhs)));
@@ -540,18 +535,14 @@ namespace Fig
             {
                 bool bothInt = lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>();
                 auto result = lhs.getNumericValue() * rhs.getNumericValue();
-                if (bothInt)
+                if (bothInt) return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
-                    return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
                 return Object(result);
             }
             if (lhs.is<ValueType::StringClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
             {
                 FString result;
                 const FString &l = lhs.as<ValueType::StringClass>();
-                for (size_t i=0; i < rhs.getNumericValue(); ++i)
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < rhs.getNumericValue(); ++i) { result += l; }
-                {
-                    result += l;
-                }
                 return Object(result);
             }
             throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Unsupported operation", "*", lhs, rhs)));
@@ -564,8 +555,7 @@ namespace Fig
             if (lhs.isNumeric() && rhs.isNumeric())
             {
                 auto rnv = rhs.getNumericValue();
-                if (rnv == 0)
+                if (rnv == 0) throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Division by zero", "/", lhs, rhs)));
-                    throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Division by zero", "/", lhs, rhs)));
                 // bool bothInt = lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>();
                 auto result = lhs.getNumericValue() / rnv;
                 // if (bothInt)
@@ -597,8 +587,7 @@ namespace Fig
             if (lhs.isNumeric() && rhs.isNumeric())
             {
                 auto rnv = rhs.getNumericValue();
-                if (rnv == 0)
+                if (rnv == 0) throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Modulo by zero", "/", lhs, rhs)));
-                    throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Modulo by zero", "/", lhs, rhs)));
                 auto result = std::fmod(lhs.getNumericValue(), rnv);
                 return Object(result);
             }
@@ -623,25 +612,25 @@ namespace Fig
         friend Object operator!(const Object &v)
         {
             if (!v.is<ValueType::BoolClass>())
-                throw ValueError(FString(std::format("Logical NOT requires bool: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
+                throw ValueError(
+                    FString(std::format("Logical NOT requires bool: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
             return Object(!v.as<ValueType::BoolClass>());
         }
 
         friend Object operator-(const Object &v)
         {
-            if (v.isNull())
+            if (v.isNull()) throw ValueError(FString(u8"Unary minus cannot be applied to null"));
-                throw ValueError(FString(u8"Unary minus cannot be applied to null"));
+            if (v.is<ValueType::IntClass>()) return Object(-v.as<ValueType::IntClass>());
-            if (v.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
+            if (v.is<ValueType::DoubleClass>()) return Object(-v.as<ValueType::DoubleClass>());
-                return Object(-v.as<ValueType::IntClass>());
+            throw ValueError(
-            if (v.is<ValueType::DoubleClass>())
+                FString(std::format("Unary minus requires int or double: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
-                return Object(-v.as<ValueType::DoubleClass>());
-            throw ValueError(FString(std::format("Unary minus requires int or double: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
         }
 
         friend Object operator~(const Object &v)
         {
             if (!v.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
-                throw ValueError(FString(std::format("Bitwise NOT requires int: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
+                throw ValueError(
+                    FString(std::format("Bitwise NOT requires int: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
             return Object(~v.as<ValueType::IntClass>());
         }
 
@@ -690,7 +679,8 @@ namespace Fig
         friend Object bit_not(const Object &v)
         {
             if (!v.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
-                throw ValueError(FString(std::format("Bitwise NOT requires int: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
+                throw ValueError(
+                    FString(std::format("Bitwise NOT requires int: '{}'", v.getTypeInfo().name.toBasicString())));
             return Object(~v.as<ValueType::IntClass>());
         }
 
@@ -716,14 +706,19 @@ namespace Fig
             {
                 bool bothInt = base.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && exp.is<ValueType::IntClass>();
                 auto result = std::pow(base.getNumericValue(), exp.getNumericValue());
-                if (bothInt)
+                if (bothInt) return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
-                    return Object(static_cast<ValueType::IntClass>(result));
                 return Object(result);
             }
             throw ValueError(FString(makeTypeErrorMessage("Unsupported operation", "**", base, exp)));
         }
     };
 
+    inline bool isBoolObjectTruthy(ObjectPtr obj)
+    {
+        assert(obj->is<bool>());
+        return obj->as<bool>();
+    }
+
     using RvObject = ObjectPtr;
 
     inline bool operator==(const ValueKey &l, const ValueKey &r)

src/Evaluator/evaluator.hpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#pragma once
 #include <Ast/Expressions/InitExpr.hpp>
 #include <Ast/Statements/ImplementSt.hpp>
 #include <Ast/Statements/InterfaceDefSt.hpp>

src/IR/IR.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Core/fig_string.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+namespace Fig::IR
+{
+    using Reg = uint16_t;
+    using Label = uint32_t;
+
+    constexpr Reg INVALID_REG = 0xFFFF;
+
+    enum class Op : uint8_t
+    {
+        // ---- control ----
+        Nop,
+        Jmp,
+        Br, // conditional branch
+        Ret,
+        Call,
+
+        // ---- arithmetic ----
+        Add,
+        Sub,
+        Mul,
+        Div,
+
+        // ---- compare ----
+        Lt,
+        Le,
+        Gt,
+        Ge,
+        Eq,
+
+        // ---- data ----
+        LoadImm, // immediate -> reg
+        Mov,
+    };
+
+    struct Inst
+    {
+        Op op;
+
+        Reg dst; // 结果寄存器
+        Reg a;   // operand a
+        Reg b;   // operand b
+
+        int64_t imm; // immediate / jump offset
+    };
+
+    struct Function
+    {
+        FString name;
+
+        uint16_t paramCount;
+        uint16_t localCount; // 不含参数
+        uint16_t regCount; // param + locals + temps
+
+        std::vector<Inst> code;
+    };
+};

src/IR/IRInterpreter.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <IR/IR.hpp>
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace Fig::IR
+{
+    struct VirtualMachine
+    {
+        std::vector<Function *> functions;
+
+        int64_t execute(Function *fn, const int64_t *args) 
+        {
+            assert(fn != nullptr);
+            std::vector<int64_t> regs(fn->regCount);
+            // load params
+
+            size_t ip = 0;
+
+            while (ip < fn->code.size())
+            {
+                const Inst &ins = fn->code[ip++];
+
+                switch (ins.op)
+                {
+                    case Op::Nop: break;
+
+                    case Op::LoadImm: regs[ins.dst] = ins.imm; break;
+
+                    case Op::Mov: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Add: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] + regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Sub: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] - regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Mul: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] * regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Div: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] / regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Lt: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] < regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Le: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] <= regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Gt: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] > regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Ge: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] >= regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Eq: regs[ins.dst] = regs[ins.a] == regs[ins.b]; break;
+
+                    case Op::Jmp: ip = static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<int64_t>(ip) + ins.imm); break;
+
+                    case Op::Br:
+                        if (regs[ins.a] == 0) { ip = static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<int64_t>(ip) + ins.imm); }
+                        break;
+
+                    case Op::Call: {
+                        // currently supports 1-arg call via reg a
+                        Function *callee = functions.at(static_cast<size_t>(ins.imm));
+                        int64_t arg0 = regs[ins.a];
+                        int64_t ret = execute(callee, &arg0);
+                        regs[ins.dst] = ret;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case Op::Ret: return regs[ins.a];
+                }
+            }
+
+            // unreachable normally
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+}; // namespace Fig::IR

src/IR/ir_test_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <IR/IRInterpreter.hpp>
+#include <IR/IR.hpp>
+
+
+int main()
+{
+    using namespace Fig;
+    IR::VirtualMachine vm;
+
+    using namespace IR;
+    IR::Inst fib_ir[] = {
+        
+    };
+}

src/Lexer/lexer.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include <Token/token.hpp>
 #include <Lexer/lexer.hpp>
 
-#include <Core/fig_string.hpp>
 #include <Utils/utils.hpp>
 
 #if 0
@@ -201,6 +200,11 @@ namespace Fig
                     next();
                     str += u8"\"";
                 }
+                else if (ec == U'r')
+                {
+                    next();
+                    str += u8"\r";
+                }
                 else if (ec == U'\'')
                 {
                     next();

src/Repl/Repl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include "Ast/astBase.hpp"
+#include "Error/error.hpp"
+#include "Error/errorLog.hpp"
+#include <Core/fig_string.hpp>
+#include <Repl/Repl.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    void Repl::Start() const
+    {
+        ostream << getPrompt() << "\n";
+
+        const FString &sourcePath = u8"<stdin>";
+        const std::vector<FString> &sourceLines{};
+
+        Evaluator evaluator;
+
+        evaluator.CreateGlobalContext();
+        evaluator.RegisterBuiltinsValue();
+        evaluator.SetSourcePath(sourcePath);
+        evaluator.SetSourceLines(sourceLines);
+
+        while (true)
+        {
+            ostream << "\r\n>>";
+            const FString &line = readline();
+
+            if (line.empty())
+            {
+                ostream << Object::getNullInstance()->toString().toBasicString();
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (line == u8"!exit")
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            Lexer lexer(line, sourcePath, sourceLines);
+            Parser parser(lexer, sourcePath, sourceLines);
+
+            std::vector<AstBase> program;
+            try
+            {
+                program = parser.parseAll();
+
+                StatementResult sr = evaluator.Run(program);
+                ObjectPtr result = sr.result;
+                ostream << result->toString().toBasicString() << '\n';
+            }
+            catch (AddressableError &e)
+            {
+                ostream << "Oops!\n"; 
+                ErrorLog::logAddressableError(e);
+                ostream << "\n";
+            }
+            catch (UnaddressableError &e)
+            {
+                ostream << "Oops!\n";
+                ErrorLog::logUnaddressableError(e);
+                ostream << "\n";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+} // namespace Fig

src/Repl/Repl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Core/core.hpp>
+#include <Lexer/lexer.hpp>
+#include <Parser/parser.hpp>
+#include <Evaluator/evaluator.hpp>
+#include <Utils/AstPrinter.hpp>
+#include <Utils/utils.hpp>
+#include <Error/errorLog.hpp>
+#include <Core/runtimeTime.hpp>
+
+#include <format>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    class Repl
+    {
+    private:
+        std::istream &istream;
+        std::ostream &ostream;
+
+    public:
+        Repl(std::istream &_istream = std::cin, std::ostream &_ostream = std::cout) :
+            istream(_istream), ostream(_ostream)
+        {
+        }
+
+        FString readline() const
+        {
+            std::string buf;
+            std::getline(istream, buf);
+
+            return FString(buf);
+        }
+
+        static std::string getPrompt()
+        {
+            static const std::string prompt = std::format("Fig {} ({})[{} {}-bit on `{}`]\n",
+                                                          Core::VERSION,
+                                                          Core::COMPILE_TIME,
+                                                          Core::COMPILER,
+                                                          Core::ARCH,
+                                                          Core::PLATFORM)
+                                              + "Type '!exit' to exit\n" + "feel free to type!";
+            return prompt;
+        }
+
+        void Start() const;
+    };
+
+}; // namespace Fig

src/VMValue/VMValue.cpp

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#include <VMValue/VMValue.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace Fig
-{
-    FString Value::toString() const
-    {
-        if (static_cast<int>(type) > static_cast<int>(Double))
-        {
-            return heap->toString();
-        }
-        switch (type)
-        {
-            case Null:
-                return u8"null";
-            case Bool:
-                return (b ? u8"true" : u8"false");
-            case Int:
-                return FString(std::to_string(i));
-            case Double:
-                return FString(std::to_string(d));
-            
-            default:
-                assert(false);
-        }
-    }
-};

src/VMValue/VMValue.hpp

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-/*
-    value system for virtual machine
-    not Evaluator value
-*/
-
-#include <Core/fig_string.hpp>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace Fig
-{
-    struct HeapObject;
-
-    struct Value
-    {
-        struct NullObject {};
-
-        enum _Type : uint8_t
-        {
-            Null = 0,
-            Bool,
-            Int,
-            Double,
-
-            /* Complex types, alloc in heap*/
-            String,
-            // Function,
-            // StructType,
-            // StructInstance,
-            // List,
-            // Map,
-            // Module,
-            // InterfaceType
-        } type;
-        
-        union
-        {
-            NullObject n;
-            bool b;
-            int64_t i;
-            double d;
-
-            HeapObject *heap;
-        };
-
-        Value()
-        {
-            type = Null;
-            n = NullObject();
-        }
-
-        Value(bool _b)
-        {
-            type = Bool;
-            b = _b;
-        }
-
-        Value(int64_t _i)
-        {
-            type = Int;
-            i = _i;
-        }
-
-        Value(double _d)
-        {
-            type = Double;
-            d = _d;
-        }
-
-        FString toString() const;
-    };
-
-    struct HeapObject
-    {
-        Value::_Type type; // > 3
-
-        virtual FString toString() const = 0;
-    };
-
-    struct String : HeapObject
-    {
-        FString value;
-
-        virtual FString toString() const override
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-    };
-};

src/VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+#include <Evaluator/Value/value.hpp>
+#include <Evaluator/Value/Type.hpp>
+
+#include <Bytecode/Instruction.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/CompiledFunction.hpp>
+#include <VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.hpp>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    Object VirtualMachine::Execute()
+    {
+        while (currentFrame->ip < currentFrame->fn.chunk.ins.size())
+        {
+            Instruction ins = currentFrame->fn.chunk.ins[currentFrame->ip++];
+
+            switch (ins.code)
+            {
+                case OpCode::HALT: {
+                    return *Object::getNullInstance();
+                }
+                case OpCode::RETURN: {
+                    const Object &ret = pop();
+
+                    uint64_t base = currentFrame->base;
+                    popFrame();
+
+                    if (frames.empty())
+                    {
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    stack.resize(base); // 清除函数的临时值
+                    push(ret);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OpCode::LOAD_LOCAL: {
+                    uint64_t operand = static_cast<uint64_t>(ins.operand);
+                    // LOCAL编号都为正数
+
+                    push(stack[currentFrame->base + operand]);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::LOAD_CONST: {
+                    uint64_t operand = static_cast<uint64_t>(ins.operand);
+                    // CONST编号都为正数
+
+                    push(currentFrame->fn.chunk.constants[operand]);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::STORE_LOCAL: {
+                    uint64_t operand = static_cast<uint64_t>(ins.operand);
+                    // LOCAL编号都为正数
+
+                    stack[currentFrame->base + operand] = pop();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::LT: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    Object result = lhs < rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::LTET: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    Object result = lhs <= rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::GT: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    Object result = lhs > rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::GTET: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    Object result = lhs >= rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::ADD: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    if (lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
+                    {
+                        ValueType::IntClass result = lhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>() + rhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>();
+                        push(Object(result));
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Object result = lhs + rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::SUB: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    if (lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
+                    {
+                        ValueType::IntClass result = lhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>() - rhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>();
+                        push(Object(result));
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Object result = lhs - rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::MUL: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    if (lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
+                    {
+                        ValueType::IntClass result = lhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>() * rhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>();
+                        push(Object(result));
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Object result = lhs * rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::DIV: {
+                    const Object &rhs = pop();
+                    const Object &lhs = pop();
+
+                    if (lhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>() && rhs.is<ValueType::IntClass>())
+                    {
+                        ValueType::DoubleClass result = (double)lhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>() / (double)rhs.as<ValueType::IntClass>();
+                        push(Object(result));
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    Object result = lhs / rhs;
+                    push(result);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::JUMP: {
+                    int64_t target = ins.operand;
+                    currentFrame->ip += target;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::JUMP_IF_FALSE: {
+                    const Object &cond = pop();
+
+                    if (!cond.is<bool>())
+                    {
+                        throw RuntimeError(
+                            FString(u8"Condition must be boolean!")
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if (!cond.as<bool>())
+                    {
+                        // cond is falsity
+                        int64_t target = ins.operand;
+                        currentFrame->ip += target;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case OpCode::CALL:
+                {
+                    uint16_t argCount = static_cast<uint16_t>(ins.operand); // number of max arg is UINT16_MAX
+                    
+                    const Object &obj = stack.back();
+                    if (!obj.is<Function>())
+                    {
+                        throw RuntimeError(FString(std::format("{} is not callable", obj.toString().toBasicString())));
+                    }
+
+                    // const Function &fn_obj = obj.as<Function>();
+                    // assert(fn_obj.isCompiled && "function must be compiled");
+                    
+                    CompiledFunction fn;
+
+                    assert(stack.size() >= argCount && "stack does not have enough arguments");
+                    assert(fn.slotCount >= argCount && "slotCount < argCount");
+
+                    uint64_t base = stack.size() - 1 - argCount;
+
+                    pop(); // pop function
+
+                    for (int64_t i = 0; i < fn.slotCount - argCount; ++i)
+                    {
+                        push(*Object::getNullInstance());
+                    }
+
+                    CallFrame newFrame 
+                    {
+                        0,
+                        base, // 参数已经加载到stack, base为第一个参数
+                        fn
+                    };
+
+                    addFrame(newFrame);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return *Object::getNullInstance();
+    }
+}; // namespace Fig

src/VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Evaluator/Value/value.hpp>
+#include <Bytecode/CallFrame.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Fig
+{
+    class VirtualMachine
+    {
+    private:
+        std::vector<CallFrame> frames;
+        CallFrame *currentFrame;
+
+        std::vector<Object> stack;
+        Object *stack_top;
+
+    public:
+        void Clean()
+        {
+            frames.clear();
+            stack.clear();
+
+            currentFrame = nullptr;
+            stack_top = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        void addFrame(const CallFrame &_frame)
+        {
+            frames.push_back(_frame);
+            currentFrame = &frames.back();
+        }
+
+        CallFrame popFrame()
+        {
+            assert((!frames.empty()) && "frames is empty!");
+
+            CallFrame back = *currentFrame;
+            frames.pop_back();
+            currentFrame = (frames.empty() ? nullptr : &frames.back());
+
+            return back;
+        }
+
+        void push(const Object &_object)
+        {
+            stack.push_back(_object);
+            stack_top = &stack.back();
+        }
+
+        void nextIns(CallFrame &frame) const
+        {
+            frame.ip += 1;
+        }
+
+        Object pop()
+        {
+            assert((!stack.empty()) && "stack is empty!");
+
+            Object back = *stack_top;
+            stack.pop_back();
+            stack_top = (stack.empty() ? nullptr : &stack.back());
+
+            return back;
+        }
+
+        VirtualMachine(const CallFrame &_frame) 
+        {
+            addFrame(_frame);
+        }
+
+        Object Execute();
+    };
+};

src/VirtualMachine/main.cpp

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/*
-
- ███████████ █████   █████ ██████████    ███████████ █████   █████████     █████         █████████   ██████   █████   █████████  █████  █████   █████████     █████████  ██████████
-░█░░░███░░░█░░███   ░░███ ░░███░░░░░█   ░░███░░░░░░█░░███   ███░░░░░███   ░░███         ███░░░░░███ ░░██████ ░░███   ███░░░░░███░░███  ░░███   ███░░░░░███   ███░░░░░███░░███░░░░░█
-░   ░███  ░  ░███    ░███  ░███  █ ░     ░███   █ ░  ░███  ███     ░░░     ░███        ░███    ░███  ░███░███ ░███  ███     ░░░  ░███   ░███  ░███    ░███  ███     ░░░  ░███  █ ░
-    ░███     ░███████████  ░██████       ░███████    ░███ ░███             ░███        ░███████████  ░███░░███░███ ░███          ░███   ░███  ░███████████ ░███          ░██████
-    ░███     ░███░░░░░███  ░███░░█       ░███░░░█    ░███ ░███    █████    ░███        ░███░░░░░███  ░███ ░░██████ ░███    █████ ░███   ░███  ░███░░░░░███ ░███    █████ ░███░░█
-    ░███     ░███    ░███  ░███ ░   █    ░███  ░     ░███ ░░███  ░░███     ░███      █ ░███    ░███  ░███  ░░█████ ░░███  ░░███  ░███   ░███  ░███    ░███ ░░███  ░░███  ░███ ░   █
-    █████    █████   █████ ██████████    █████       █████ ░░█████████     ███████████ █████   █████ █████  ░░█████ ░░█████████  ░░████████   █████   █████ ░░█████████  ██████████
-   ░░░░░    ░░░░░   ░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░    ░░░░░       ░░░░░   ░░░░░░░░░     ░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░   ░░░░░ ░░░░░    ░░░░░   ░░░░░░░░░    ░░░░░░░░   ░░░░░   ░░░░░   ░░░░░░░░░  ░░░░░░░░░░
-
-   Copyright (C) 2020-2026 PuqiAR
-
-This software is licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE for details.
-*/
-
-
-// DO NOT USE CLANG-FORMAT FOR THIS FILE
-
-#include <Bytecode/Bytecode.hpp>
-#include <iostream>
-
-int main()
-{
-    using namespace Fig;
-
-
-    std::vector<OpCodeType> src;
-    
-    {
-        using enum Bytecode;
-        src = {
-            0x21, // LOAD_TRUE
-            0x23, 0x7f, // LOAD_CON8 0x7f
-            0x24, 0x12, 0x34, // LOAD_CON16 0x1234
-            0x25, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, // LOAD_CON32 0x12345678
-            0x63, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78 // JUMP32_IF_TRUE
-        };
-
-        FString r = reverseCompile(src);
-        std::cout << r.toBasicString() << std::endl;
-    }
-}

src/main.cpp

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ This software is licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE.txt for details.
 #include <Utils/utils.hpp>
 #include <Error/errorLog.hpp>
 #include <Core/runtimeTime.hpp>
+#include <Repl/Repl.hpp>
 
 static size_t addressableErrorCount = 0;
 static size_t unaddressableErrorCount = 0;
@@ -54,6 +55,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     program.add_argument("source")
         .help("source file to be interpreted")
         .default_value(std::string(""));
+    program.add_argument("-r", "--repl")
+        .help("start repl")
+        .default_value(false)
+        .implicit_value(true);
     // program.add_argument("-v", "--version")
     //     .help("get the version of Fig Interpreter")
     //     .default_value(false)
@@ -74,6 +79,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     //     std::print("Fig Interpreter version {}\n", Fig::Core::VERSION);
     //     return 0;
     // }
+
+    if (program.get<bool>("--repl"))
+    {
+        Fig::Repl repl;
+        repl.Start();
+        exit(0);
+    }
+
     Fig::FString sourcePath(program.get<std::string>("source"));
     if (sourcePath.empty())
     {

xmake.lua

@@ -3,17 +3,15 @@ add_rules("plugin.compile_commands.autoupdate", {outputdir = ".vscode"})
 
 set_policy("run.autobuild", false)
 
-target("Fig")
+set_languages("c++23")
-    set_kind("binary")
-    set_languages("c++23")
 
-    add_ldflags("-static", {force = true})
+add_ldflags("-static", {force = true})
-    if is_plat("linux") then
+if is_plat("linux") then
     -- Linux: clang + libc++
     set_toolchains("clang")
     add_cxxflags("-stdlib=libc++")
     add_ldflags("-stdlib=libc++")
-    elseif is_plat("windows") then
+elseif is_plat("windows") then
     -- 1. CI cross (Linux -> Windows)
     -- 2. local dev (Windows + llvm-mingw)
     set_toolchains("mingw") -- llvm-mingw
@@ -23,61 +21,45 @@ target("Fig")
     -- add_ldflags("-target x86_64-w64-mingw32", "-static")
     -- add_cxxflags("-stdlib=libc++")
     -- add_ldflags("-stdlib=libc++")
-    end
+end
     
 
 
-    add_files("src/Core/warning.cpp")
+add_files("src/Core/warning.cpp")
-    add_files("src/Core/runtimeTime.cpp")
+add_files("src/Core/runtimeTime.cpp")
 
-    add_files("src/Lexer/lexer.cpp")
+add_files("src/Lexer/lexer.cpp")
-    add_files("src/Parser/parser.cpp")
+add_files("src/Parser/parser.cpp")
 
-    add_files("src/Module/builtins.cpp")
+add_files("src/Module/builtins.cpp")
+
+add_files("src/Evaluator/Value/value.cpp")
+add_includedirs("src")
+
+add_defines("__FCORE_COMPILE_TIME=\"" .. os.date("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") .. "\"")
+
+target("Fig")
+    set_kind("binary")
 
-    add_files("src/Evaluator/Value/value.cpp")
     add_files("src/Evaluator/Core/*.cpp")
+    add_files("src/VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.cpp")
     add_files("src/Evaluator/evaluator.cpp")
-    add_files("src/Evaluator/main.cpp")
+    add_files("src/Repl/Repl.cpp")
-        
+    add_files("src/main.cpp")
-    add_includedirs("src")
-    -- add_includedirs("src/Evaluator")
     
     set_warnings("all")
 
-    add_defines("__FCORE_COMPILE_TIME=\"" .. os.date("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") .. "\"")
+target("vm_test_main")
+    set_kind("binary")
 
--- -- Bytecode VM target
+    add_files("src/VirtualMachine/VirtualMachine.cpp")
--- target("Figc")
+    add_files("src/Bytecode/vm_test_main.cpp")
---     set_kind("binary")
---     set_languages("c++23")
     
---     add_ldflags("-static", {force = true})
+    set_warnings("all")
---     if is_plat("linux") then
---         -- Linux: clang + libc++
---         set_toolchains("clang")
---         add_cxxflags("-stdlib=libc++")
---         add_ldflags("-stdlib=libc++")
---     elseif is_plat("windows") then
---         -- 1. CI cross (Linux -> Windows)
---         -- 2. local dev (Windows + llvm-mingw)
---         set_toolchains("mingw") -- llvm-mingw
---         add_ldflags("-Wl,--stack,268435456")
---         -- set_toolchains("clang")
---         -- static lib
---         -- add_ldflags("-target x86_64-w64-mingw32", "-static")
---         -- add_cxxflags("-stdlib=libc++")
---         -- add_ldflags("-stdlib=libc++")
---     end
 
---     add_includedirs("src/Evaluator")
+target("ir_test_main")
---     add_files("src/Evaluator/Value/value.cpp")
+    set_kind("binary")
---     add_files("src/VirtualMachine/main.cpp")
---     add_files("src/Core/warning.cpp")
---     add_files("src/Lexer/lexer.cpp")
---     add_files("src/Parser/parser.cpp")
 
---     add_includedirs("src")
+    add_files("src/IR/ir_test_main.cpp")
---     set_warnings("all")
     
---     add_defines("__FCORE_COMPILE_TIME=\"" .. os.date("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") .. "\"")
+    set_warnings("all")